Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la asociación entre perfil de personalidad, droga de impacto y estatus de egreso en pacientes con trastornos por uso de sustancias. El desistimiento del tratamiento de las adicciones es alto, por lo que es relevante dar seguimiento de las deserciones para conocer sus causas. Se revisaron 300 expedientes clínicos de pacientes internados en un centro de rehabilitación y, a partir del cuestionario de evaluación de variables sociodemográficas, psicológicas y de salud, se elaboró una base de datos con las variables de interés. Para el análisis se utilizó el procedimiento de análisis de correspondencias. Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró que el perfil esquizoide presentó mayor frecuencia de consumo de alcohol, mientras que el perfil antisocial y esquizotípico presentó mayor frecuencia de consumo de marihuana. A seis meses del egreso, los pacientes con perfil paranoide y narcisista tuvieron mayor frecuencia de abstinencia.

Abstract The objective of this study was to explore the association between personality profile, impact drug, and discharge status in patients with substance use disorders. Desertion of addiction treatment is high; therefore, it is necessary to monitor it to know its causes. A total of 300 clinical records of patients admitted to a rehabilitation center were reviewed. A database containing variables of interest was prepared from the evaluation questionnaire of sociodemographic, psychological, and health variables. For the analysis, the correspondence analysis procedure was used. Among the main findings, it was found that the schizoid profile presented a higher frequency of alcohol consumption, while the antisocial and schizotypal profile increased frequency of marijuana use. Six months after discharge, patients with a paranoid and narcissistic profile had a higher frequency of abstinence.

Abstract: Professional competence begins with training and becomes a process throughout professional life. The present study focused on identifying self-perception of professional competencies and specific professional tasks to a test of clinical psychologists who are working in public and private health institutions of the state of Tamaulipas, through a linkert-type scale. The results indicate that the competition with greater frequency is intervention and the minor, the promotion of health, the most important professional tasks, personal and professional development, and the less importance of consultancy and supervision. In addition, he has knowledge about the clinical practice treatments based on evidence, the most frequent users, the research competence and the ability of the meta-knowledge, that is, they are in continuous training. Why it is so necessary for the psychologist to develop competencies in research, health promotion, continuous training and supervision among colleagues in their daily clinical practice.

Resumen: La competencia profesional empieza con el entrenamiento y se convierte en un proceso a lo largo de la vida profesional. El presente estudio se centró en identificar la autopercepción de competencias profesionales (evaluación, diagnóstico, intervencion, promoción de la salud e investigación) y tareas profesionales a una muestra de 76 psicólogos clínicos que se encuentran laborando en instituciones de salud del estado de Tamaulipas, a través de una escala tipo likert. Los resultados señalan que la competencia con mayor frecuencia es la intervención y la de menor la promoción de la salud, las tareas profesionales más importantes son el desarrollo personal y profesional y con menor importancia la consultoría y supervisión. Además quien tiene conocimiento sobre tratamientos de práctica clínica basada en la evidencia, utilizan con mayor frecuencia la competencia de investigación y la habilidad de metaconocimientos, es decir que están en capacitación continua. Es importante que el psicólogo desarrolle competencias en investigación, promoción de la salud, se capacite continuamente y aplique la supervisión entre colegas en su práctica clínica cotidiana.

Background: Strict adherence to personal health recommendations is necessary to improve the clinical control of arterial hypertension. Objective: To identify predictors of the behavior to avoid the "consumption of restricted foods" in a sample of hypertensive patients from Tamaulipas, Mexico. Method: Participants were 183 patients with arterial hypertension diagnosis, who completed two self-administered questionnaires and different questions regarding adherence and self-care behaviors. A trajectory analysis was used for the interpretation of data. Results: Less tolerance to frustration, a major affective social support and a lower body mass index were behavior predictors to avoid the consumption of restricted foods (pBS = 0.294, χ2/gl = 1.417, GFI = 0.993, AGFI = 0.965, NFI = 0.934, IFI = 0.980 y SRMR = 0.040), explaining approximately 20% of the variance in the study behavior. Conclusion: The study of adherence and self-care behaviors demands to identify what and how some personal and interpersonal variables are influencing in their daily practice, which can contribute to improve the interdisciplinary interventions programs in clinical and communitarian settings for attending patients living with arterial hypertension.

Introducción: la adhesión estricta a las recomendaciones del personal de salud es requisito indispensable para coadyuvar en el control clínico de la hipertensión arterial. Objetivo: identificar los predictores de la conducta "consumo de alimentos restringidos" en una muestra de pacientes hipertensos de Tamaulipas, México. Método: participaron 183 pacientes diagnosticados con hipertensión arterial, quienes respondieron a un par de instrumentos y a diferentes preguntas sobre conductas de adhesión y cuidado de la salud. Para la interpretación de los datos se utilizó un análisis de trayectoria. Resultados: una menor tolerancia a la frustración, un mayor apoyo social afectivo y un menor índice de masa corporal predijeron la conducta de evitar el "consumo de alimentos restringidos" (pBS = 0,294, χ²/gl = 1,417, GFI = 0,993, AGFI = 0,965, NFI = 0,934, IFI = 0,980 y SRMR = 0,040), explicando aproximadamente un 20% de la varianza en la conducta de estudio. Conclusión: el estudio de las conductas de adhesión y cuidado de la salud pasa necesariamente por identificar qué y cómo ciertas variables personales e interpersonales están influyendo en su práctica diaria, lo cual puede contribuir a mejorar los programas de intervención interdisciplinaria en los ámbitos clínico y comunitario para la atención de pacientes que viven con hipertensión arterial.

ABSTRACT Machismo is a form of hypermasculinity whose characteristics are subject to context, culture and historical moment. The aim of this study is to determine the predictors of the perception of sexism among positive and negative expression traits associated with femininity and coping with stress (problem-focused and centered on emotion strategies) in adult men in northeastern Mexico. An empirical study was conducted using a quantitative methodology and a ex post facto retrospective design, on one group with multiple measurements, over a sample of 263 men aged 20 to 50. The results indicated a average levels in the perception of machismo among the participants and significant relationships between a greater presence of sexist behavior and less positive traits associated with femininity expressiveness, and less use of problem-focused coping strategies. The variables that predict the perception of sexist behavior in participants were two stress management strategies: a more opened and less focused on solving problems emotional expressiveness. In conclusion, despite the fact that the perception of sexism is related to the traits of expressiveness and coping with stress, only two of the coping strategies considered were predictors of the perception of machismo.

RESUMEN El machismo es una forma de hipermasculinidad cuyas características están sujetas al contexto, momento histórico y cultura. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar las variables predictoras de la percepción de machismo entre rasgos de expresividad positiva y negativa asociados a la feminidad y estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés (centradas en el problema y centradas en la emoción) en hombres adultos del noreste de México. Para ello se realizó un estudio empírico con metodología cuantitativa y diseñoex post factoretrospectivo de un solo grupo con múltiples medidas, en una muestra de 263 hombres de 20 a 50 años de edad. Los resultados indican una percepción de machismo en los participantes en niveles promedio y relaciones significativas donde a mayor presencia de conductas machistas, menores rasgos de expresividad positiva asociadas a la feminidad y menor utilización de estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en el problema. Las variables que predicen la percepción de conductas machistas en los participantes fueron dos estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés: una mayor expresividad emocional abierta y menor focalización en la solución del problema. Como conclusión, a pesar de que la percepción de machismo se relaciona con los rasgos de expresividad y las estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés, únicamente dos de las estrategias de afrontamiento resultaron predictoras de la percepción de machismo.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The objective of this study has been to test the ability of variables of a psychological model to predict antiretroviral therapy medication adherence behavior. METHODS We have conducted a cross-sectional study among 172 persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), who completed four self-administered assessments: 1) the Psychological Variables and Adherence Behaviors Questionnaire, 2) the Stress-Related Situation Scale to assess the variable of Personality, 3) The Zung Depression Scale, and 4) the Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to construct a model to predict medication adherence behaviors. RESULTS Out of all the participants, 141 (82%) have been considered 100% adherent to antiretroviral therapy. Structural equation modeling has confirmed the direct effect that personality (decision-making and tolerance of frustration) has on motives to behave, or act accordingly, which was in turn directly related to medication adherence behaviors. In addition, these behaviors have had a direct and significant effect on viral load, as well as an indirect effect on CD4 cell count. The final model demonstrates the congruence between theory and data (x2/df. = 1.480, goodness of fit index = 0.97, adjusted goodness of fit index = 0.94, comparative fit index = 0.98, root mean square error of approximation = 0.05), accounting for 55.7% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support our theoretical model as a conceptual framework for the prediction of medication adherence behaviors in persons living with HIV/AIDS. Implications for designing, implementing, and evaluating intervention programs based on the model are to be discussed.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The objective of this study has been to test the ability of variables of a psychological model to predict antiretroviral therapy medication adherence behavior. METHODS We have conducted a cross-sectional study among 172 persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), who completed four self-administered assessments: 1) the Psychological Variables and Adherence Behaviors Questionnaire, 2) the Stress-Related Situation Scale to assess the variable of Personality, 3) The Zung Depression Scale, and 4) the Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to construct a model to predict medication adherence behaviors. RESULTS Out of all the participants, 141 (82%) have been considered 100% adherent to antiretroviral therapy. Structural equation modeling has confirmed the direct effect that personality (decision-making and tolerance of frustration) has on motives to behave, or act accordingly, which was in turn directly related to medication adherence behaviors. In addition, these behaviors have had a direct and significant effect on viral load, as well as an indirect effect on CD4 cell count. The final model demonstrates the congruence between theory and data (x2/df. = 1.480, goodness of fit index = 0.97, adjusted goodness of fit index = 0.94, comparative fit index = 0.98, root mean square error of approximation = 0.05), accounting for 55.7% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support our theoretical model as a conceptual framework for the prediction of medication adherence behaviors in persons living with HIV/AIDS. Implications for designing, implementing, and evaluating intervention programs based on the model are to be discussed.

Background: Anxiety and mood disorders are the cause of psychological deterioration in the world. In the case of men, specific somatic symptomatology can be present that indicate depression or anxiety but, because of their masculine socialization, they tend to suppress or minimize their psychological suffering or impose barriers that keep them from identifying their internal emotions and the symptoms of a serious mental issue.Objective: The purpose of this was to determine whether there are significant relationships between symptoms of anxiety, depression and other psychosocial factors along with the consultation motive of the adult male population who demand first level health care.Method: The sample considered for this study was 276 male subjects aged 18 to 65 who were attended as outpatients in various health institutions in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. With this sample, the Goldberg Scale of Anxiety and Depression and the Scale of Psychosocial Operation were used.Results: It was found that 57% (n=157) were diagnosed with a prevalence of anxiety symptoms and 49% (n=135) were diagnosed with symptoms of depression. The results obtained confirm that among the factors that cause these symptoms are life stress, negative exchange among interactions, negative health habits and an economic income lower than 1 000 pesos.Discussion and conclusion: These results also confirm the relationship among symptoms of anxiety, depression, psychosocial factors and deteriorating health.

Antecedentes: Los trastornos de ansiedad y del estado de ánimo son causa de deterioro psicológico. En el caso específico de los hombres, pueden presentar sintomatología clínica somática de depresión y ansiedad, pero, debido a la socialización masculina, pueden sentirse inclinados a ocultar o minimizar su sufrimiento psicológico o imponerse barreras que les impidan identificar y comunicar emociones internas y mucho menos a valorar estas manifestaciones como indicadores de un problema de salud mental.Objetivo: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar las relaciones existentes entre síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, factores psicosociales y el motivo de consulta en población adulta masculina que demanda atención de salud en primer nivel.Método: Los participantes fueron 276 sujetos masculinos de 18 a 65 años atendidos en consulta externa de diversas instituciones de salud de Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. Se aplicó a esta muestra la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg y la Escala de Funcionamiento Psicosocial.Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia para síntomas de ansiedad de 57% (n=157) y de síntomas de depresión de 49% (n=135). Los resultados mostraron que entre los factores predictores de esta sintomatología se encuentran el estrés de vida, el intercambio negativo en sus interacciones, los hábitos negativos de salud y un ingreso económico menor a 1 000 pesos.Discusión y conclusion: La presente investigación viene a confirmar una relación entre síntomas de ansiedad, depresión, factores psicosociales y el deterioro de la salud.

A mediados de la pasada década se publicó un trabajo en el que se analizaba por qué, a pesar del desarrollo experimentado por la psicología y salud en México, en ese entonces se hadan evidentes dos problemas: la falta de reconocimiento profesional de la psicología y los psicólogos en los marcos normativos sobre la materia, por un lado, así como las dificultades que enfrentaban para su integración en los equipos interdisciplinarios de salud, por el otro. Casi una década después nos encontramos que en general la situación no ha cambiado de manera sustancial, lo que a final de cuentas se traduce en un ejercicio profesional que dista mucho de estar impactando positivamente al diseño, instrumentación y evaluación de programas de investigación e intervención en el seno mismo de las instituciones de salud. Con base en el sentido común y la experiencia de los autores, en este trabajo se discute sobre tres asuntos que consideramos pudieran ayudar a revertir dicha situación, en beneficio de la psicología y los psicólogos que se desempeñan en el ámbito de la salud.

In the middle of the last decade was published a work in which analyzed why, despite the development experienced by the psychology and health in Mexico, then became evident two problems: the lack of professional recognition of psychology and psychologists in the normative frameworks on the subject, on the one hand, as well as the difficulties faced by these for their integration into the interdisciplinary teams of health, on the other. Almost a decade later we find that overall the situation has not changed substantially, which ultimately translates into a professional practice that is far be positively impacting the design, implementation and evaluation of research and intervention programs in the context of health institutions. Based on common sense and the experience of the authors, in this work is discussed on three issues that we believe could help to reverse this situation, for the benefit of psychology and psychologists working in the health field.

Una parte importante del contenido de lo psicológico en la salud y la enfermedad tiene que ver con la conducta de una persona en lo individual, es decir, con el fenómeno de personalidad. Sin una caracterización apropiada de este fenómeno se dificulta el cumplimiento de dos tareas sustantivas en la Psicología y Salud, a saber: 1) identificar y evaluar lo que una persona ha hecho en el pasado, de manera estable y consistente a lo largo del tiempo y entre situaciones, y 2) traducir los hallazgos en programas de prevención primaria, susceptibles de ser replicados bajo distintas condiciones y en diferentes escenarios. Con la finalidad de dar seguimiento a lo expuesto en un artículo previo (Piña, Ybarra, Alcalá y Samaniego, 2010), el presente trabajo se planteó con el objetivo de discutir por qué en el ámbito de la salud es fundamental que los modelos teóricos incluyan un conjunto debidamente articulado de categorías y conceptos que permitan vincular los niveles básico y aplicado, así como lo psicológico con los fenómenos de la salud y la enfermedad, dentro de los que se destaca el de personalidad.

An important part of the psychological aspect in health and sickness has to do with the conduct of a person as an indidual, that is to say, with the phenomenon of personality. Without an appropriate characterization of this phenomenon, compliance with two fundamental tasks in psychology and health is made difficult. These are 1) to identify and evaluate what a person has done in the past in a stable and consistent way over a period of time and between situations, and 2) to translate the findings into programs of primary prevention, able to be reproduced under different conditions and in different scenarios. With the purpose of following up what was stated in a previous article (Piña, Ybarra, Alcalá y Samaniego, 2010), this study was proposed with the objective of discussing why, in the context of health, it is fundamental that theoretical models include a properly coordinated set of categories and concepts which allow basíc and applied levels to be linked, as well as the psychological aspect with the phenomena of health and sickness, among those which highlight personality.

Uma parte importante do conteúdo do psicológico na saúde e a doença têm a ver com a conduta de uma pessoa no individua, é dizer, com o fenômeno da personalidade. Sem uma caracterização apropriada de este fenômeno e difícil o cumprimento de duas tarefas substantivas na psicología e saúde, que são as seguintes: 1) identificar e avaliar o que uma pessoa tem feito no passado de maneira estável e consiste ao longo do tempo e entre situações, e 2) traduzir os descobrimentos em programas de prevenção primaria susceptíveis de serem replicados baixos diferentes condições e distintos cenários. Com a finalidade de dar seguimento ao exposto num artigo prévio (Piña, Ybarra, Alcalá y Samaniego, 2010), o presente trabalho foi planejado com o escopo de discutir por que no âmbito da saúde é fundamental que os modelos teóricos incluam um conjunto devidamente articulado de categorías e conceitos que permitam vincular os níveis básico e aplicado; assim como o psicológico com os fenômenos da saúde e a doença, dentro dos que é destacado o de personalidade.